“Like in law enforcement, criminal justice, housing, employment, education racism also plays a role in the healthcare system. How could it not be,” writes Raymond Sheppard. “To address disparities in healthcare, those involved in the delivery of healthcare must first acknowledge that discrimination and anti-Black racism in the system are real.”

Raymond Sheppard on a long wait with his sick grandson at the IWK ER. “I had concluded we were being overlooked and left at the back of the bus because of our ethnicity.”